diff --git a/builtin/fast-import.c b/builtin/fast-import.c
index 7849005ccb..b8a7757cfd 100644
--- a/builtin/fast-import.c
+++ b/builtin/fast-import.c
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ static void end_packfile(void)
 		idx_name = keep_pack(create_index());
 
 		/* Register the packfile with core git's machinery. */
-		new_p = packfile_store_load_pack(pack_data->repo->objects->packfiles,
+		new_p = packfile_store_load_pack(pack_data->repo->objects->sources->packfiles,
 						 idx_name, 1);
 		if (!new_p)
 			die(_("core Git rejected index %s"), idx_name);
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ static int store_object(
 	struct object_id *oidout,
 	uintmax_t mark)
 {
-	struct packfile_store *packs = the_repository->objects->packfiles;
+	struct odb_source *source;
 	void *out, *delta;
 	struct object_entry *e;
 	unsigned char hdr[96];
@@ -979,7 +979,11 @@ static int store_object(
 	if (e->idx.offset) {
 		duplicate_count_by_type[type]++;
 		return 1;
-	} else if (packfile_list_find_oid(packfile_store_get_packs(packs), &oid)) {
+	}
+
+	for (source = the_repository->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		if (!packfile_list_find_oid(packfile_store_get_packs(source->packfiles), &oid))
+			continue;
 		e->type = type;
 		e->pack_id = MAX_PACK_ID;
 		e->idx.offset = 1; /* just not zero! */
@@ -1096,10 +1100,10 @@ static void truncate_pack(struct hashfile_checkpoint *checkpoint)
 
 static void stream_blob(uintmax_t len, struct object_id *oidout, uintmax_t mark)
 {
-	struct packfile_store *packs = the_repository->objects->packfiles;
 	size_t in_sz = 64 * 1024, out_sz = 64 * 1024;
 	unsigned char *in_buf = xmalloc(in_sz);
 	unsigned char *out_buf = xmalloc(out_sz);
+	struct odb_source *source;
 	struct object_entry *e;
 	struct object_id oid;
 	unsigned long hdrlen;
@@ -1179,24 +1183,29 @@ static void stream_blob(uintmax_t len, struct object_id *oidout, uintmax_t mark)
 	if (e->idx.offset) {
 		duplicate_count_by_type[OBJ_BLOB]++;
 		truncate_pack(&checkpoint);
+		goto out;
+	}
 
-	} else if (packfile_list_find_oid(packfile_store_get_packs(packs), &oid)) {
+	for (source = the_repository->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		if (!packfile_list_find_oid(packfile_store_get_packs(source->packfiles), &oid))
+			continue;
 		e->type = OBJ_BLOB;
 		e->pack_id = MAX_PACK_ID;
 		e->idx.offset = 1; /* just not zero! */
 		duplicate_count_by_type[OBJ_BLOB]++;
 		truncate_pack(&checkpoint);
-
-	} else {
-		e->depth = 0;
-		e->type = OBJ_BLOB;
-		e->pack_id = pack_id;
-		e->idx.offset = offset;
-		e->idx.crc32 = crc32_end(pack_file);
-		object_count++;
-		object_count_by_type[OBJ_BLOB]++;
+		goto out;
 	}
 
+	e->depth = 0;
+	e->type = OBJ_BLOB;
+	e->pack_id = pack_id;
+	e->idx.offset = offset;
+	e->idx.crc32 = crc32_end(pack_file);
+	object_count++;
+	object_count_by_type[OBJ_BLOB]++;
+
+out:
 	free(in_buf);
 	free(out_buf);
 }
diff --git a/builtin/grep.c b/builtin/grep.c
index 53cccf2d25..5b8b87b1ac 100644
--- a/builtin/grep.c
+++ b/builtin/grep.c
@@ -1213,8 +1213,14 @@ int cmd_grep(int argc,
 		 */
 		if (recurse_submodules)
 			repo_read_gitmodules(the_repository, 1);
-		if (startup_info->have_repository)
-			packfile_store_prepare(the_repository->objects->packfiles);
+
+		if (startup_info->have_repository) {
+			struct odb_source *source;
+
+			odb_prepare_alternates(the_repository->objects);
+			for (source = the_repository->objects->sources; source; source = source->next)
+				packfile_store_prepare(source->packfiles);
+		}
 
 		start_threads(&opt);
 	} else {
diff --git a/builtin/index-pack.c b/builtin/index-pack.c
index a7e901e49c..b67fb0256c 100644
--- a/builtin/index-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/index-pack.c
@@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ static void final(const char *final_pack_name, const char *curr_pack_name,
 			    hash, "idx", 1);
 
 	if (do_fsck_object && startup_info->have_repository)
-		packfile_store_load_pack(the_repository->objects->packfiles,
+		packfile_store_load_pack(the_repository->objects->sources->packfiles,
 					 final_index_name, 0);
 
 	if (!from_stdin) {
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index ca44b7894f..c342ccc95a 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -1529,49 +1529,53 @@ static int want_cruft_object_mtime(struct repository *r,
 				   const struct object_id *oid,
 				   unsigned flags, uint32_t mtime)
 {
-	struct packed_git **cache;
+	struct odb_source *source;
 
-	for (cache = kept_pack_cache(r, flags); *cache; cache++) {
-		struct packed_git *p = *cache;
-		off_t ofs;
-		uint32_t candidate_mtime;
+	for (source = r->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		struct packed_git **cache = packfile_store_get_kept_pack_cache(source->packfiles, flags);
 
-		ofs = find_pack_entry_one(oid, p);
-		if (!ofs)
-			continue;
+		for (; *cache; cache++) {
+			struct packed_git *p = *cache;
+			off_t ofs;
+			uint32_t candidate_mtime;
 
-		/*
-		 * We have a copy of the object 'oid' in a non-cruft
-		 * pack. We can avoid packing an additional copy
-		 * regardless of what the existing copy's mtime is since
-		 * it is outside of a cruft pack.
-		 */
-		if (!p->is_cruft)
-			return 0;
-
-		/*
-		 * If we have a copy of the object 'oid' in a cruft
-		 * pack, then either read the cruft pack's mtime for
-		 * that object, or, if that can't be loaded, assume the
-		 * pack's mtime itself.
-		 */
-		if (!load_pack_mtimes(p)) {
-			uint32_t pos;
-			if (offset_to_pack_pos(p, ofs, &pos) < 0)
+			ofs = find_pack_entry_one(oid, p);
+			if (!ofs)
 				continue;
-			candidate_mtime = nth_packed_mtime(p, pos);
-		} else {
-			candidate_mtime = p->mtime;
-		}
 
-		/*
-		 * We have a surviving copy of the object in a cruft
-		 * pack whose mtime is greater than or equal to the one
-		 * we are considering. We can thus avoid packing an
-		 * additional copy of that object.
-		 */
-		if (mtime <= candidate_mtime)
-			return 0;
+			/*
+			 * We have a copy of the object 'oid' in a non-cruft
+			 * pack. We can avoid packing an additional copy
+			 * regardless of what the existing copy's mtime is since
+			 * it is outside of a cruft pack.
+			 */
+			if (!p->is_cruft)
+				return 0;
+
+			/*
+			 * If we have a copy of the object 'oid' in a cruft
+			 * pack, then either read the cruft pack's mtime for
+			 * that object, or, if that can't be loaded, assume the
+			 * pack's mtime itself.
+			 */
+			if (!load_pack_mtimes(p)) {
+				uint32_t pos;
+				if (offset_to_pack_pos(p, ofs, &pos) < 0)
+					continue;
+				candidate_mtime = nth_packed_mtime(p, pos);
+			} else {
+				candidate_mtime = p->mtime;
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * We have a surviving copy of the object in a cruft
+			 * pack whose mtime is greater than or equal to the one
+			 * we are considering. We can thus avoid packing an
+			 * additional copy of that object.
+			 */
+			if (mtime <= candidate_mtime)
+				return 0;
+		}
 	}
 
 	return -1;
@@ -1624,9 +1628,9 @@ static int want_found_object(const struct object_id *oid, int exclude,
 		 */
 		unsigned flags = 0;
 		if (ignore_packed_keep_on_disk)
-			flags |= ON_DISK_KEEP_PACKS;
+			flags |= KEPT_PACK_ON_DISK;
 		if (ignore_packed_keep_in_core)
-			flags |= IN_CORE_KEEP_PACKS;
+			flags |= KEPT_PACK_IN_CORE;
 
 		/*
 		 * If the object is in a pack that we want to ignore, *and* we
@@ -1749,13 +1753,15 @@ static int want_object_in_pack_mtime(const struct object_id *oid,
 		}
 	}
 
-	for (e = the_repository->objects->packfiles->packs.head; e; e = e->next) {
-		struct packed_git *p = e->pack;
-		want = want_object_in_pack_one(p, oid, exclude, found_pack, found_offset, found_mtime);
-		if (!exclude && want > 0)
-			packfile_list_prepend(&the_repository->objects->packfiles->packs, p);
-		if (want != -1)
-			return want;
+	for (source = the_repository->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		for (e = source->packfiles->packs.head; e; e = e->next) {
+			struct packed_git *p = e->pack;
+			want = want_object_in_pack_one(p, oid, exclude, found_pack, found_offset, found_mtime);
+			if (!exclude && want > 0)
+				packfile_list_prepend(&source->packfiles->packs, p);
+			if (want != -1)
+				return want;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (uri_protocols.nr) {
@@ -3931,7 +3937,7 @@ static void read_stdin_packs(enum stdin_packs_mode mode, int rev_list_unpacked)
 	 * an optimization during delta selection.
 	 */
 	revs.no_kept_objects = 1;
-	revs.keep_pack_cache_flags |= IN_CORE_KEEP_PACKS;
+	revs.keep_pack_cache_flags |= KEPT_PACK_IN_CORE;
 	revs.blob_objects = 1;
 	revs.tree_objects = 1;
 	revs.tag_objects = 1;
@@ -4030,7 +4036,7 @@ static void show_cruft_commit(struct commit *commit, void *data)
 
 static int cruft_include_check_obj(struct object *obj, void *data UNUSED)
 {
-	return !has_object_kept_pack(to_pack.repo, &obj->oid, IN_CORE_KEEP_PACKS);
+	return !has_object_kept_pack(to_pack.repo, &obj->oid, KEPT_PACK_IN_CORE);
 }
 
 static int cruft_include_check(struct commit *commit, void *data)
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index 41f850db16..7815f144de 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -2544,7 +2544,7 @@ void http_install_packfile(struct packed_git *p,
 			   struct packfile_list *list_to_remove_from)
 {
 	packfile_list_remove(list_to_remove_from, p);
-	packfile_store_add_pack(the_repository->objects->packfiles, p);
+	packfile_store_add_pack(the_repository->objects->sources->packfiles, p);
 }
 
 struct http_pack_request *new_http_pack_request(
diff --git a/midx.c b/midx.c
index b681b18fc1..a75ea99a0d 100644
--- a/midx.c
+++ b/midx.c
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ static int midx_read_object_offsets(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
 
 struct multi_pack_index *get_multi_pack_index(struct odb_source *source)
 {
-	packfile_store_prepare(source->odb->packfiles);
-	return source->midx;
+	packfile_store_prepare(source->packfiles);
+	return source->packfiles->midx;
 }
 
 static struct multi_pack_index *load_multi_pack_index_one(struct odb_source *source,
@@ -447,7 +447,6 @@ static uint32_t midx_for_pack(struct multi_pack_index **_m,
 int prepare_midx_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m,
 		      uint32_t pack_int_id)
 {
-	struct repository *r = m->source->odb->repo;
 	struct strbuf pack_name = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct packed_git *p;
 
@@ -460,7 +459,7 @@ int prepare_midx_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m,
 
 	strbuf_addf(&pack_name, "%s/pack/%s", m->source->path,
 		    m->pack_names[pack_int_id]);
-	p = packfile_store_load_pack(r->objects->packfiles,
+	p = packfile_store_load_pack(m->source->packfiles,
 				     pack_name.buf, m->source->local);
 	strbuf_release(&pack_name);
 
@@ -710,12 +709,12 @@ int prepare_multi_pack_index_one(struct odb_source *source)
 	if (!r->settings.core_multi_pack_index)
 		return 0;
 
-	if (source->midx)
+	if (source->packfiles->midx)
 		return 1;
 
-	source->midx = load_multi_pack_index(source);
+	source->packfiles->midx = load_multi_pack_index(source);
 
-	return !!source->midx;
+	return !!source->packfiles->midx;
 }
 
 int midx_checksum_valid(struct multi_pack_index *m)
@@ -804,9 +803,9 @@ void clear_midx_file(struct repository *r)
 		struct odb_source *source;
 
 		for (source = r->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
-			if (source->midx)
-				close_midx(source->midx);
-			source->midx = NULL;
+			if (source->packfiles->midx)
+				close_midx(source->packfiles->midx);
+			source->packfiles->midx = NULL;
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/odb.c b/odb.c
index 838aa2e53a..ac70b6a099 100644
--- a/odb.c
+++ b/odb.c
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ static struct odb_source *odb_source_new(struct object_database *odb,
 	source->local = local;
 	source->path = xstrdup(path);
 	source->loose = odb_source_loose_new(source);
+	source->packfiles = packfile_store_new(source);
 
 	return source;
 }
@@ -376,6 +377,7 @@ static void odb_source_free(struct odb_source *source)
 {
 	free(source->path);
 	odb_source_loose_free(source->loose);
+	packfile_store_free(source->packfiles);
 	free(source);
 }
 
@@ -710,19 +712,19 @@ static int do_oid_object_info_extended(struct object_database *odb,
 	while (1) {
 		struct odb_source *source;
 
-		if (!packfile_store_read_object_info(odb->packfiles, real, oi, flags))
-			return 0;
-
 		/* Most likely it's a loose object. */
-		for (source = odb->sources; source; source = source->next)
-			if (!odb_source_loose_read_object_info(source, real, oi, flags))
+		for (source = odb->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+			if (!packfile_store_read_object_info(source->packfiles, real, oi, flags) ||
+			    !odb_source_loose_read_object_info(source, real, oi, flags))
 				return 0;
+		}
 
 		/* Not a loose object; someone else may have just packed it. */
 		if (!(flags & OBJECT_INFO_QUICK)) {
 			odb_reprepare(odb->repo->objects);
-			if (!packfile_store_read_object_info(odb->packfiles, real, oi, flags))
-				return 0;
+			for (source = odb->sources; source; source = source->next)
+				if (!packfile_store_read_object_info(source->packfiles, real, oi, flags))
+					return 0;
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -981,13 +983,14 @@ int odb_freshen_object(struct object_database *odb,
 {
 	struct odb_source *source;
 
-	if (packfile_store_freshen_object(odb->packfiles, oid))
-		return 1;
-
 	odb_prepare_alternates(odb);
-	for (source = odb->sources; source; source = source->next)
+	for (source = odb->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		if (packfile_store_freshen_object(source->packfiles, oid))
+			return 1;
+
 		if (odb_source_loose_freshen_object(source, oid))
 			return 1;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1062,7 +1065,6 @@ struct object_database *odb_new(struct repository *repo,
 
 	memset(o, 0, sizeof(*o));
 	o->repo = repo;
-	o->packfiles = packfile_store_new(o);
 	pthread_mutex_init(&o->replace_mutex, NULL);
 	string_list_init_dup(&o->submodule_source_paths);
 
@@ -1082,15 +1084,8 @@ struct object_database *odb_new(struct repository *repo,
 void odb_close(struct object_database *o)
 {
 	struct odb_source *source;
-
-	packfile_store_close(o->packfiles);
-
-	for (source = o->sources; source; source = source->next) {
-		if (source->midx)
-			close_midx(source->midx);
-		source->midx = NULL;
-	}
-
+	for (source = o->sources; source; source = source->next)
+		packfile_store_close(source->packfiles);
 	close_commit_graph(o);
 }
 
@@ -1124,7 +1119,6 @@ void odb_free(struct object_database *o)
 		free((char *) o->cached_objects[i].value.buf);
 	free(o->cached_objects);
 
-	packfile_store_free(o->packfiles);
 	string_list_clear(&o->submodule_source_paths, 0);
 
 	chdir_notify_unregister(NULL, odb_update_commondir, o);
@@ -1147,13 +1141,13 @@ void odb_reprepare(struct object_database *o)
 	o->loaded_alternates = 0;
 	odb_prepare_alternates(o);
 
-	for (source = o->sources; source; source = source->next)
+	for (source = o->sources; source; source = source->next) {
 		odb_source_loose_reprepare(source);
+		packfile_store_reprepare(source->packfiles);
+	}
 
 	o->approximate_object_count_valid = 0;
 
-	packfile_store_reprepare(o->packfiles);
-
 	obj_read_unlock();
 }
 
diff --git a/odb.h b/odb.h
index 014cd9585a..300c3c0c46 100644
--- a/odb.h
+++ b/odb.h
@@ -51,12 +51,8 @@ struct odb_source {
 	/* Private state for loose objects. */
 	struct odb_source_loose *loose;
 
-	/*
-	 * private data
-	 *
-	 * should only be accessed directly by packfile.c and midx.c
-	 */
-	struct multi_pack_index *midx;
+	/* Should only be accessed directly by packfile.c and midx.c. */
+	struct packfile_store *packfiles;
 
 	/*
 	 * Figure out whether this is the local source of the owning
@@ -128,9 +124,6 @@ struct object_database {
 	struct commit_graph *commit_graph;
 	unsigned commit_graph_attempted : 1; /* if loading has been attempted */
 
-	/* Should only be accessed directly by packfile.c and midx.c. */
-	struct packfile_store *packfiles;
-
 	/*
 	 * This is meant to hold a *small* number of objects that you would
 	 * want odb_read_object() to be able to return, but yet you do not want
diff --git a/odb/streaming.c b/odb/streaming.c
index 745cd486fb..4a4474f891 100644
--- a/odb/streaming.c
+++ b/odb/streaming.c
@@ -185,13 +185,12 @@ static int istream_source(struct odb_read_stream **out,
 {
 	struct odb_source *source;
 
-	if (!packfile_store_read_object_stream(out, odb->packfiles, oid))
-		return 0;
-
 	odb_prepare_alternates(odb);
-	for (source = odb->sources; source; source = source->next)
-		if (!odb_source_loose_read_object_stream(out, source, oid))
+	for (source = odb->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		if (!packfile_store_read_object_stream(out, source->packfiles, oid) ||
+		    !odb_source_loose_read_object_stream(out, source, oid))
 			return 0;
+	}
 
 	return open_istream_incore(out, odb, oid);
 }
diff --git a/packfile.c b/packfile.c
index 23a7f8a191..3ffd6c7240 100644
--- a/packfile.c
+++ b/packfile.c
@@ -355,16 +355,17 @@ static void scan_windows(struct packed_git *p,
 	}
 }
 
-static int unuse_one_window(struct packed_git *current)
+static int unuse_one_window(struct object_database *odb)
 {
+	struct odb_source *source;
 	struct packfile_list_entry *e;
 	struct packed_git *lru_p = NULL;
 	struct pack_window *lru_w = NULL, *lru_l = NULL;
 
-	if (current)
-		scan_windows(current, &lru_p, &lru_w, &lru_l);
-	for (e = current->repo->objects->packfiles->packs.head; e; e = e->next)
-		scan_windows(e->pack, &lru_p, &lru_w, &lru_l);
+	for (source = odb->sources; source; source = source->next)
+		for (e = source->packfiles->packs.head; e; e = e->next)
+			scan_windows(e->pack, &lru_p, &lru_w, &lru_l);
+
 	if (lru_p) {
 		munmap(lru_w->base, lru_w->len);
 		pack_mapped -= lru_w->len;
@@ -529,15 +530,18 @@ static void find_lru_pack(struct packed_git *p, struct packed_git **lru_p, struc
 
 static int close_one_pack(struct repository *r)
 {
+	struct odb_source *source;
 	struct packfile_list_entry *e;
 	struct packed_git *lru_p = NULL;
 	struct pack_window *mru_w = NULL;
 	int accept_windows_inuse = 1;
 
-	for (e = r->objects->packfiles->packs.head; e; e = e->next) {
-		if (e->pack->pack_fd == -1)
-			continue;
-		find_lru_pack(e->pack, &lru_p, &mru_w, &accept_windows_inuse);
+	for (source = r->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		for (e = source->packfiles->packs.head; e; e = e->next) {
+			if (e->pack->pack_fd == -1)
+				continue;
+			find_lru_pack(e->pack, &lru_p, &mru_w, &accept_windows_inuse);
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (lru_p)
@@ -740,8 +744,8 @@ unsigned char *use_pack(struct packed_git *p,
 			win->len = (size_t)len;
 			pack_mapped += win->len;
 
-			while (settings->packed_git_limit < pack_mapped
-				&& unuse_one_window(p))
+			while (settings->packed_git_limit < pack_mapped &&
+			       unuse_one_window(p->repo->objects))
 				; /* nothing */
 			win->base = xmmap_gently(NULL, win->len,
 				PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE,
@@ -876,7 +880,7 @@ struct packed_git *packfile_store_load_pack(struct packfile_store *store,
 
 	p = strmap_get(&store->packs_by_path, key.buf);
 	if (!p) {
-		p = add_packed_git(store->odb->repo, idx_path,
+		p = add_packed_git(store->source->odb->repo, idx_path,
 				   strlen(idx_path), local);
 		if (p)
 			packfile_store_add_pack(store, p);
@@ -975,10 +979,8 @@ void for_each_file_in_pack_dir(const char *objdir,
 }
 
 struct prepare_pack_data {
-	struct repository *r;
+	struct odb_source *source;
 	struct string_list *garbage;
-	int local;
-	struct multi_pack_index *m;
 };
 
 static void prepare_pack(const char *full_name, size_t full_name_len,
@@ -988,10 +990,11 @@ static void prepare_pack(const char *full_name, size_t full_name_len,
 	size_t base_len = full_name_len;
 
 	if (strip_suffix_mem(full_name, &base_len, ".idx") &&
-	    !(data->m && midx_contains_pack(data->m, file_name))) {
+	    !(data->source->packfiles->midx &&
+	      midx_contains_pack(data->source->packfiles->midx, file_name))) {
 		char *trimmed_path = xstrndup(full_name, full_name_len);
-		packfile_store_load_pack(data->r->objects->packfiles,
-					 trimmed_path, data->local);
+		packfile_store_load_pack(data->source->packfiles,
+					 trimmed_path, data->source->local);
 		free(trimmed_path);
 	}
 
@@ -1020,10 +1023,8 @@ static void prepare_packed_git_one(struct odb_source *source)
 {
 	struct string_list garbage = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	struct prepare_pack_data data = {
-		.m = source->midx,
-		.r = source->odb->repo,
+		.source = source,
 		.garbage = &garbage,
-		.local = source->local,
 	};
 
 	for_each_file_in_pack_dir(source->path, prepare_pack, &data);
@@ -1063,16 +1064,11 @@ static int sort_pack(const struct packfile_list_entry *a,
 
 void packfile_store_prepare(struct packfile_store *store)
 {
-	struct odb_source *source;
-
 	if (store->initialized)
 		return;
 
-	odb_prepare_alternates(store->odb);
-	for (source = store->odb->sources; source; source = source->next) {
-		prepare_multi_pack_index_one(source);
-		prepare_packed_git_one(source);
-	}
+	prepare_multi_pack_index_one(store->source);
+	prepare_packed_git_one(store->source);
 
 	sort_packs(&store->packs.head, sort_pack);
 	for (struct packfile_list_entry *e = store->packs.head; e; e = e->next)
@@ -1092,10 +1088,8 @@ struct packfile_list_entry *packfile_store_get_packs(struct packfile_store *stor
 {
 	packfile_store_prepare(store);
 
-	for (struct odb_source *source = store->odb->sources; source; source = source->next) {
-		struct multi_pack_index *m = source->midx;
-		if (!m)
-			continue;
+	if (store->midx) {
+		struct multi_pack_index *m = store->midx;
 		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < m->num_packs + m->num_packs_in_base; i++)
 			prepare_midx_pack(m, i);
 	}
@@ -1250,11 +1244,15 @@ void mark_bad_packed_object(struct packed_git *p, const struct object_id *oid)
 const struct packed_git *has_packed_and_bad(struct repository *r,
 					    const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-	struct packfile_list_entry *e;
+	struct odb_source *source;
+
+	for (source = r->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		struct packfile_list_entry *e;
+		for (e = source->packfiles->packs.head; e; e = e->next)
+			if (oidset_contains(&e->pack->bad_objects, oid))
+				return e->pack;
+	}
 
-	for (e = r->objects->packfiles->packs.head; e; e = e->next)
-		if (oidset_contains(&e->pack->bad_objects, oid))
-			return e->pack;
 	return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -2090,30 +2088,26 @@ static int fill_pack_entry(const struct object_id *oid,
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int find_pack_entry(struct repository *r,
+static int find_pack_entry(struct packfile_store *store,
 			   const struct object_id *oid,
 			   struct pack_entry *e)
 {
 	struct packfile_list_entry *l;
 
-	packfile_store_prepare(r->objects->packfiles);
+	packfile_store_prepare(store);
+	if (store->midx && fill_midx_entry(store->midx, oid, e))
+		return 1;
 
-	for (struct odb_source *source = r->objects->sources; source; source = source->next)
-		if (source->midx && fill_midx_entry(source->midx, oid, e))
-			return 1;
-
-	if (!r->objects->packfiles->packs.head)
-		return 0;
-
-	for (l = r->objects->packfiles->packs.head; l; l = l->next) {
+	for (l = store->packs.head; l; l = l->next) {
 		struct packed_git *p = l->pack;
 
 		if (!p->multi_pack_index && fill_pack_entry(oid, e, p)) {
-			if (!r->objects->packfiles->skip_mru_updates)
-				packfile_list_prepend(&r->objects->packfiles->packs, p);
+			if (!store->skip_mru_updates)
+				packfile_list_prepend(&store->packs, p);
 			return 1;
 		}
 	}
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2121,7 +2115,7 @@ int packfile_store_freshen_object(struct packfile_store *store,
 				  const struct object_id *oid)
 {
 	struct pack_entry e;
-	if (!find_pack_entry(store->odb->repo, oid, &e))
+	if (!find_pack_entry(store, oid, &e))
 		return 0;
 	if (e.p->is_cruft)
 		return 0;
@@ -2141,7 +2135,7 @@ int packfile_store_read_object_info(struct packfile_store *store,
 	struct pack_entry e;
 	int rtype;
 
-	if (!find_pack_entry(store->odb->repo, oid, &e))
+	if (!find_pack_entry(store, oid, &e))
 		return 1;
 
 	/*
@@ -2151,7 +2145,7 @@ int packfile_store_read_object_info(struct packfile_store *store,
 	if (!oi)
 		return 0;
 
-	rtype = packed_object_info(store->odb->repo, e.p, e.offset, oi);
+	rtype = packed_object_info(store->source->odb->repo, e.p, e.offset, oi);
 	if (rtype < 0) {
 		mark_bad_packed_object(e.p, oid);
 		return -1;
@@ -2167,25 +2161,26 @@ int packfile_store_read_object_info(struct packfile_store *store,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void maybe_invalidate_kept_pack_cache(struct repository *r,
+static void maybe_invalidate_kept_pack_cache(struct packfile_store *store,
 					     unsigned flags)
 {
-	if (!r->objects->packfiles->kept_cache.packs)
+	if (!store->kept_cache.packs)
 		return;
-	if (r->objects->packfiles->kept_cache.flags == flags)
+	if (store->kept_cache.flags == flags)
 		return;
-	FREE_AND_NULL(r->objects->packfiles->kept_cache.packs);
-	r->objects->packfiles->kept_cache.flags = 0;
+	FREE_AND_NULL(store->kept_cache.packs);
+	store->kept_cache.flags = 0;
 }
 
-struct packed_git **kept_pack_cache(struct repository *r, unsigned flags)
+struct packed_git **packfile_store_get_kept_pack_cache(struct packfile_store *store,
+						       unsigned flags)
 {
-	maybe_invalidate_kept_pack_cache(r, flags);
+	maybe_invalidate_kept_pack_cache(store, flags);
 
-	if (!r->objects->packfiles->kept_cache.packs) {
+	if (!store->kept_cache.packs) {
 		struct packed_git **packs = NULL;
+		struct packfile_list_entry *e;
 		size_t nr = 0, alloc = 0;
-		struct packed_git *p;
 
 		/*
 		 * We want "all" packs here, because we need to cover ones that
@@ -2195,9 +2190,11 @@ struct packed_git **kept_pack_cache(struct repository *r, unsigned flags)
 		 * covers, one kept and one not kept, but the midx returns only
 		 * the non-kept version.
 		 */
-		repo_for_each_pack(r, p) {
-			if ((p->pack_keep && (flags & ON_DISK_KEEP_PACKS)) ||
-			    (p->pack_keep_in_core && (flags & IN_CORE_KEEP_PACKS))) {
+		for (e = packfile_store_get_packs(store); e; e = e->next) {
+			struct packed_git *p = e->pack;
+
+			if ((p->pack_keep && (flags & KEPT_PACK_ON_DISK)) ||
+			    (p->pack_keep_in_core && (flags & KEPT_PACK_IN_CORE))) {
 				ALLOC_GROW(packs, nr + 1, alloc);
 				packs[nr++] = p;
 			}
@@ -2205,40 +2202,47 @@ struct packed_git **kept_pack_cache(struct repository *r, unsigned flags)
 		ALLOC_GROW(packs, nr + 1, alloc);
 		packs[nr] = NULL;
 
-		r->objects->packfiles->kept_cache.packs = packs;
-		r->objects->packfiles->kept_cache.flags = flags;
+		store->kept_cache.packs = packs;
+		store->kept_cache.flags = flags;
 	}
 
-	return r->objects->packfiles->kept_cache.packs;
+	return store->kept_cache.packs;
 }
 
-int find_kept_pack_entry(struct repository *r,
-			 const struct object_id *oid,
-			 unsigned flags,
-			 struct pack_entry *e)
+int has_object_pack(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-	struct packed_git **cache;
+	struct odb_source *source;
+	struct pack_entry e;
 
-	for (cache = kept_pack_cache(r, flags); *cache; cache++) {
-		struct packed_git *p = *cache;
-		if (fill_pack_entry(oid, e, p))
-			return 1;
+	odb_prepare_alternates(r->objects);
+	for (source = r->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		int ret = find_pack_entry(source->packfiles, oid, &e);
+		if (ret)
+			return ret;
 	}
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int has_object_pack(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid)
-{
-	struct pack_entry e;
-	return find_pack_entry(r, oid, &e);
-}
-
 int has_object_kept_pack(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid,
 			 unsigned flags)
 {
+	struct odb_source *source;
 	struct pack_entry e;
-	return find_kept_pack_entry(r, oid, flags, &e);
+
+	for (source = r->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		struct packed_git **cache;
+
+		cache = packfile_store_get_kept_pack_cache(source->packfiles, flags);
+
+		for (; *cache; cache++) {
+			struct packed_git *p = *cache;
+			if (fill_pack_entry(oid, &e, p))
+				return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int for_each_object_in_pack(struct packed_git *p,
@@ -2288,32 +2292,46 @@ int for_each_object_in_pack(struct packed_git *p,
 int for_each_packed_object(struct repository *repo, each_packed_object_fn cb,
 			   void *data, enum for_each_object_flags flags)
 {
-	struct packed_git *p;
+	struct odb_source *source;
 	int r = 0;
 	int pack_errors = 0;
 
-	repo->objects->packfiles->skip_mru_updates = true;
-	repo_for_each_pack(repo, p) {
-		if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_LOCAL_ONLY) && !p->pack_local)
-			continue;
-		if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_PROMISOR_ONLY) &&
-		    !p->pack_promisor)
-			continue;
-		if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_SKIP_IN_CORE_KEPT_PACKS) &&
-		    p->pack_keep_in_core)
-			continue;
-		if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_SKIP_ON_DISK_KEPT_PACKS) &&
-		    p->pack_keep)
-			continue;
-		if (open_pack_index(p)) {
-			pack_errors = 1;
-			continue;
+	odb_prepare_alternates(repo->objects);
+
+	for (source = repo->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		struct packfile_list_entry *e;
+
+		source->packfiles->skip_mru_updates = true;
+
+		for (e = packfile_store_get_packs(source->packfiles); e; e = e->next) {
+			struct packed_git *p = e->pack;
+
+			if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_LOCAL_ONLY) && !p->pack_local)
+				continue;
+			if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_PROMISOR_ONLY) &&
+			    !p->pack_promisor)
+				continue;
+			if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_SKIP_IN_CORE_KEPT_PACKS) &&
+			    p->pack_keep_in_core)
+				continue;
+			if ((flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_SKIP_ON_DISK_KEPT_PACKS) &&
+			    p->pack_keep)
+				continue;
+			if (open_pack_index(p)) {
+				pack_errors = 1;
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			r = for_each_object_in_pack(p, cb, data, flags);
+			if (r)
+				break;
 		}
-		r = for_each_object_in_pack(p, cb, data, flags);
+
+		source->packfiles->skip_mru_updates = false;
+
 		if (r)
 			break;
 	}
-	repo->objects->packfiles->skip_mru_updates = false;
 
 	return r ? r : pack_errors;
 }
@@ -2411,11 +2429,11 @@ int parse_pack_header_option(const char *in, unsigned char *out, unsigned int *l
 	return 0;
 }
 
-struct packfile_store *packfile_store_new(struct object_database *odb)
+struct packfile_store *packfile_store_new(struct odb_source *source)
 {
 	struct packfile_store *store;
 	CALLOC_ARRAY(store, 1);
-	store->odb = odb;
+	store->source = source;
 	strmap_init(&store->packs_by_path);
 	return store;
 }
@@ -2437,6 +2455,9 @@ void packfile_store_close(struct packfile_store *store)
 			BUG("want to close pack marked 'do-not-close'");
 		close_pack(e->pack);
 	}
+	if (store->midx)
+		close_midx(store->midx);
+	store->midx = NULL;
 }
 
 struct odb_packed_read_stream {
@@ -2534,7 +2555,7 @@ int packfile_store_read_object_stream(struct odb_read_stream **out,
 
 	if (packfile_store_read_object_info(store, oid, &oi, 0) ||
 	    oi.u.packed.is_delta ||
-	    repo_settings_get_big_file_threshold(store->odb->repo) >= size)
+	    repo_settings_get_big_file_threshold(store->source->odb->repo) >= size)
 		return -1;
 
 	in_pack_type = unpack_object_header(oi.u.packed.pack,
diff --git a/packfile.h b/packfile.h
index 59d162a3f4..92baf8ee88 100644
--- a/packfile.h
+++ b/packfile.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "object.h"
 #include "odb.h"
 #include "oidset.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "strmap.h"
 
 /* in odb.h */
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ struct packed_git *packfile_list_find_oid(struct packfile_list_entry *packs,
  * A store that manages packfiles for a given object database.
  */
 struct packfile_store {
-	struct object_database *odb;
+	struct odb_source *source;
 
 	/*
 	 * The list of packfiles in the order in which they have been most
@@ -90,15 +91,19 @@ struct packfile_store {
 	 * is an on-disk ".keep" file or because they are marked as "kept" in
 	 * memory.
 	 *
-	 * Should not be accessed directly, but via `kept_pack_cache()`. The
-	 * list of packs gets invalidated when the stored flags and the flags
-	 * passed to `kept_pack_cache()` mismatch.
+	 * Should not be accessed directly, but via
+	 * `packfile_store_get_kept_pack_cache()`. The list of packs gets
+	 * invalidated when the stored flags and the flags passed to
+	 * `packfile_store_get_kept_pack_cache()` mismatch.
 	 */
 	struct {
 		struct packed_git **packs;
 		unsigned flags;
 	} kept_cache;
 
+	/* The multi-pack index that belongs to this specific packfile store. */
+	struct multi_pack_index *midx;
+
 	/*
 	 * A map of packfile names to packed_git structs for tracking which
 	 * packs have been loaded already.
@@ -129,9 +134,9 @@ struct packfile_store {
 
 /*
  * Allocate and initialize a new empty packfile store for the given object
- * database.
+ * database source.
  */
-struct packfile_store *packfile_store_new(struct object_database *odb);
+struct packfile_store *packfile_store_new(struct odb_source *source);
 
 /*
  * Free the packfile store and all its associated state. All packfiles
@@ -169,14 +174,65 @@ void packfile_store_reprepare(struct packfile_store *store);
 void packfile_store_add_pack(struct packfile_store *store,
 			     struct packed_git *pack);
 
+/*
+ * Get all packs managed by the given store, including packfiles that are
+ * referenced by multi-pack indices.
+ */
+struct packfile_list_entry *packfile_store_get_packs(struct packfile_store *store);
+
+struct repo_for_each_pack_data {
+	struct odb_source *source;
+	struct packfile_list_entry *entry;
+};
+
+static inline struct repo_for_each_pack_data repo_for_eack_pack_data_init(struct repository *repo)
+{
+	struct repo_for_each_pack_data data = { 0 };
+
+	odb_prepare_alternates(repo->objects);
+
+	for (struct odb_source *source = repo->objects->sources; source; source = source->next) {
+		struct packfile_list_entry *entry = packfile_store_get_packs(source->packfiles);
+		if (!entry)
+			continue;
+		data.source = source;
+		data.entry = entry;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return data;
+}
+
+static inline void repo_for_each_pack_data_next(struct repo_for_each_pack_data *data)
+{
+	struct odb_source *source;
+
+	data->entry = data->entry->next;
+	if (data->entry)
+		return;
+
+	for (source = data->source->next; source; source = source->next) {
+		struct packfile_list_entry *entry = packfile_store_get_packs(source->packfiles);
+		if (!entry)
+			continue;
+		data->source = source;
+		data->entry = entry;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	data->source = NULL;
+	data->entry = NULL;
+}
+
 /*
  * Load and iterate through all packs of the given repository. This helper
  * function will yield packfiles from all object sources connected to the
  * repository.
  */
 #define repo_for_each_pack(repo, p) \
-	for (struct packfile_list_entry *e = packfile_store_get_packs(repo->objects->packfiles); \
-	     ((p) = (e ? e->pack : NULL)); e = e->next)
+	for (struct repo_for_each_pack_data eack_pack_data = repo_for_eack_pack_data_init(repo); \
+	     ((p) = (eack_pack_data.entry ? eack_pack_data.entry->pack : NULL)); \
+	     repo_for_each_pack_data_next(&eack_pack_data))
 
 int packfile_store_read_object_stream(struct odb_read_stream **out,
 				      struct packfile_store *store,
@@ -193,12 +249,6 @@ int packfile_store_read_object_info(struct packfile_store *store,
 				    struct object_info *oi,
 				    unsigned flags);
 
-/*
- * Get all packs managed by the given store, including packfiles that are
- * referenced by multi-pack indices.
- */
-struct packfile_list_entry *packfile_store_get_packs(struct packfile_store *store);
-
 /*
  * Open the packfile and add it to the store if it isn't yet known. Returns
  * either the newly opened packfile or the preexisting packfile. Returns a
@@ -210,6 +260,19 @@ struct packed_git *packfile_store_load_pack(struct packfile_store *store,
 int packfile_store_freshen_object(struct packfile_store *store,
 				  const struct object_id *oid);
 
+enum kept_pack_type {
+	KEPT_PACK_ON_DISK = (1 << 0),
+	KEPT_PACK_IN_CORE = (1 << 1),
+};
+
+/*
+ * Retrieve the cache of kept packs from the given packfile store. Accepts a
+ * combination of `kept_pack_type` flags. The cache is computed on demand and
+ * will be recomputed whenever the flags change.
+ */
+struct packed_git **packfile_store_get_kept_pack_cache(struct packfile_store *store,
+						       unsigned flags);
+
 struct pack_window {
 	struct pack_window *next;
 	unsigned char *base;
@@ -385,21 +448,10 @@ int packed_object_info(struct repository *r,
 void mark_bad_packed_object(struct packed_git *, const struct object_id *);
 const struct packed_git *has_packed_and_bad(struct repository *, const struct object_id *);
 
-#define ON_DISK_KEEP_PACKS 1
-#define IN_CORE_KEEP_PACKS 2
-
-/*
- * Iff a pack file in the given repository contains the object named by sha1,
- * return true and store its location to e.
- */
-int find_kept_pack_entry(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid, unsigned flags, struct pack_entry *e);
-
 int has_object_pack(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid);
 int has_object_kept_pack(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid,
 			 unsigned flags);
 
-struct packed_git **kept_pack_cache(struct repository *r, unsigned flags);
-
 /*
  * Return 1 if an object in a promisor packfile is or refers to the given
  * object, 0 otherwise.
diff --git a/reachable.c b/reachable.c
index b753c39553..4b532039d5 100644
--- a/reachable.c
+++ b/reachable.c
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ static int want_recent_object(struct recent_data *data,
 			      const struct object_id *oid)
 {
 	if (data->ignore_in_core_kept_packs &&
-	    has_object_kept_pack(data->revs->repo, oid, IN_CORE_KEEP_PACKS))
+	    has_object_kept_pack(data->revs->repo, oid, KEPT_PACK_IN_CORE))
 		return 0;
 	return 1;
 }
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index 1858e093ee..b65a763770 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -2518,14 +2518,14 @@ static int handle_revision_opt(struct rev_info *revs, int argc, const char **arg
 		die(_("--unpacked=<packfile> no longer supported"));
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-kept-objects")) {
 		revs->no_kept_objects = 1;
-		revs->keep_pack_cache_flags |= IN_CORE_KEEP_PACKS;
-		revs->keep_pack_cache_flags |= ON_DISK_KEEP_PACKS;
+		revs->keep_pack_cache_flags |= KEPT_PACK_IN_CORE;
+		revs->keep_pack_cache_flags |= KEPT_PACK_ON_DISK;
 	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--no-kept-objects=", &optarg)) {
 		revs->no_kept_objects = 1;
 		if (!strcmp(optarg, "in-core"))
-			revs->keep_pack_cache_flags |= IN_CORE_KEEP_PACKS;
+			revs->keep_pack_cache_flags |= KEPT_PACK_IN_CORE;
 		if (!strcmp(optarg, "on-disk"))
-			revs->keep_pack_cache_flags |= ON_DISK_KEEP_PACKS;
+			revs->keep_pack_cache_flags |= KEPT_PACK_ON_DISK;
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "-r")) {
 		revs->diff = 1;
 		revs->diffopt.flags.recursive = 1;