diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index 01e5601342..5bf5d1fcac 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -1866,47 +1866,81 @@ static void execute_commands_non_atomic(struct command *commands,
 	const char *reported_error = NULL;
 	struct strmap failed_refs = STRMAP_INIT;
 
-	transaction = ref_store_transaction_begin(get_main_ref_store(the_repository),
-						  REF_TRANSACTION_ALLOW_FAILURE, &err);
-	if (!transaction) {
-		rp_error("%s", err.buf);
-		strbuf_reset(&err);
-		reported_error = "transaction failed to start";
-		goto failure;
+	/*
+	 * Reference updates, where D/F conflicts shouldn't arise due to
+	 * one reference being deleted, while the other being created
+	 * are treated as conflicts in batched updates. This is because
+	 * we don't do conflict resolution inside a transaction. To
+	 * mitigate this, delete references in a separate batch.
+	 *
+	 * NEEDSWORK: Add conflict resolution between deletion and creation
+	 * of reference updates within a transaction. With that, we can
+	 * combine the two phases.
+	 */
+	enum processing_phase {
+		PHASE_DELETIONS,
+		PHASE_OTHERS
+	};
+
+	for (enum processing_phase phase = PHASE_DELETIONS; phase <= PHASE_OTHERS; phase++) {
+		for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
+			if (!should_process_cmd(cmd) || cmd->run_proc_receive)
+				continue;
+
+			if (phase == PHASE_DELETIONS && !is_null_oid(&cmd->new_oid))
+				continue;
+			else if (phase == PHASE_OTHERS && is_null_oid(&cmd->new_oid))
+				continue;
+
+			/*
+			 * Lazily create a transaction only when we know there are
+			 * updates to be added.
+			 */
+			if (!transaction) {
+				transaction = ref_store_transaction_begin(get_main_ref_store(the_repository),
+									  REF_TRANSACTION_ALLOW_FAILURE, &err);
+				if (!transaction) {
+					rp_error("%s", err.buf);
+					strbuf_reset(&err);
+					reported_error = "transaction failed to start";
+					goto failure;
+				}
+			}
+
+			cmd->error_string = update(cmd, si);
+		}
+
+		/* No transaction, so nothing to commit */
+		if (!transaction)
+			goto cleanup;
+
+		if (ref_transaction_commit(transaction, &err)) {
+			rp_error("%s", err.buf);
+			reported_error = "failed to update refs";
+			goto failure;
+		}
+
+		ref_transaction_for_each_rejected_update(transaction,
+							 ref_transaction_rejection_handler,
+							 &failed_refs);
+
+		if (strmap_empty(&failed_refs))
+			goto cleanup;
+
+	failure:
+		for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
+			if (reported_error)
+				cmd->error_string = reported_error;
+			else if (strmap_contains(&failed_refs, cmd->ref_name))
+				cmd->error_string = strmap_get(&failed_refs, cmd->ref_name);
+		}
+
+	cleanup:
+		ref_transaction_free(transaction);
+		transaction = NULL;
+		strmap_clear(&failed_refs, 0);
+		strbuf_release(&err);
 	}
-
-	for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
-		if (!should_process_cmd(cmd) || cmd->run_proc_receive)
-			continue;
-
-		cmd->error_string = update(cmd, si);
-	}
-
-	if (ref_transaction_commit(transaction, &err)) {
-		rp_error("%s", err.buf);
-		reported_error = "failed to update refs";
-		goto failure;
-	}
-
-	ref_transaction_for_each_rejected_update(transaction,
-						 ref_transaction_rejection_handler,
-						 &failed_refs);
-
-	if (strmap_empty(&failed_refs))
-		goto cleanup;
-
-failure:
-	for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
-		if (reported_error)
-			cmd->error_string = reported_error;
-		else if (strmap_contains(&failed_refs, cmd->ref_name))
-			cmd->error_string = strmap_get(&failed_refs, cmd->ref_name);
-	}
-
-cleanup:
-	ref_transaction_free(transaction);
-	strmap_clear(&failed_refs, 0);
-	strbuf_release(&err);
 }
 
 static void execute_commands_atomic(struct command *commands,
diff --git a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
index dabcc5f811..1649667441 100755
--- a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
@@ -744,8 +744,8 @@ test_expect_success 'pushing valid refs triggers post-receive and post-update ho
 		EOF
 
 		cat >update.expect <<-EOF &&
-		refs/heads/main $orgmain $newmain
 		refs/heads/next $orgnext $newnext
+		refs/heads/main $orgmain $newmain
 		EOF
 
 		cat >post-receive.expect <<-EOF &&
@@ -808,8 +808,8 @@ test_expect_success 'deletion of a non-existent ref is not fed to post-receive a
 		EOF
 
 		cat >update.expect <<-EOF &&
-		refs/heads/main $orgmain $newmain
 		refs/heads/nonexistent $ZERO_OID $ZERO_OID
+		refs/heads/main $orgmain $newmain
 		EOF
 
 		cat >post-receive.expect <<-EOF &&
@@ -868,10 +868,10 @@ test_expect_success 'mixed ref updates, deletes, invalid deletes trigger hooks w
 		EOF
 
 		cat >update.expect <<-EOF &&
-		refs/heads/main $orgmain $newmain
 		refs/heads/next $orgnext $newnext
-		refs/heads/seen $orgseen $newseen
 		refs/heads/nonexistent $ZERO_OID $ZERO_OID
+		refs/heads/main $orgmain $newmain
+		refs/heads/seen $orgseen $newseen
 		EOF
 
 		cat >post-receive.expect <<-EOF &&
@@ -1909,4 +1909,13 @@ test_expect_success 'push with config push.useBitmaps' '
 		--thin --delta-base-offset -q --no-use-bitmap-index <false
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'push with F/D conflict with deletion and creation' '
+	test_when_finished "git branch -D branch" &&
+	git branch branch/conflict &&
+	mk_test testrepo heads/branch/conflict &&
+	git branch -D branch/conflict &&
+	git branch branch &&
+	git push testrepo :refs/heads/branch/conflict refs/heads/branch
+'
+
 test_done